• Automation In Non-destructive Testing: New Risks And Risk Sources List

. Section of material with a surface-breaking crack that is not visible to the naked eye. Penetrant is applied to the surface.

Excess penetrant is removed. Developer is applied, rendering the crack visible.In manufacturing, are commonly used to join two or more metal parts. Because these connections may encounter loads and during, there is a chance that they may fail if not created to proper. For example, the base metal must reach a certain temperature during the welding process, must cool at a specific rate, and must be welded with compatible materials or the joint may not be strong enough to hold the parts together, or cracks may form in the weld causing it to fail. The typical welding defects (lack of fusion of the weld to the base metal, cracks or porosity inside the weld, and variations in weld density) could cause a structure to break or a pipeline to rupture.Welds may be tested using NDT techniques such as or using or, or via. In a proper weld, these tests would indicate a lack of cracks in the radiograph, show clear passage of sound through the weld and back, or indicate a clear surface without penetrant captured in cracks.Welding techniques may also be actively monitored with acoustic emission techniques before production to design the best set of parameters to use to properly join two materials. In the case of high stress or safety critical welds, weld monitoring will be employed to confirm the specified welding parameters (arc current, arc voltage, travel speed, heat input etc.) are being adhered to those stated in the welding procedure.

This verifies the weld as correct to procedure prior to nondestructive evaluation and metallurgy tests.Structural mechanics Structure can be complex systems that undergo different loads during their lifetime, e.g. Some complex structures, such as the in a, can also cost millions of dollars. Engineers will commonly model these structures as coupled second-order systems, approximating dynamic structure components with,. The resulting sets of differential equations are then used to derive a transfer function that models the behavior of the system.In NDT, the structure undergoes a dynamic input, such as the tap of a hammer or a controlled impulse. Key properties, such as or at different points of the structure, are measured as the corresponding output.

This output is recorded and compared to the corresponding output given by the transfer function and the known input. Differences may indicate an inappropriate model (which may alert engineers to unpredicted instabilities or performance outside of tolerances), failed components, or an inadequate.Reference standards, which are structures that intentionally flawed in order to be compared with components intended for use in the field, are often used in NDT.

Reference standards can be with many NDT techniques, such as UT, RT and VT.Relation to medical procedures. Chest radiography indicating a peripheral.Several NDT methods are related to clinical procedures, such as radiography, ultrasonic testing, and visual testing.Technological improvements or upgrades in these NDT methods have migrated over from medical equipment advances, including digital radiography (DR), phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT), and (borescope or assisted visual inspection).Notable events in early academic and industrial NDT. 1854 Hartford, – A boiler at the Fales and Gray Car works explodes, killing 21 people and seriously injuring 50. Within a decade, the State of Connecticut passes a law requiring annual inspection (in this case visual) of boilers. 1880–1920 – The 'Oil and Whiting' method of crack detection is used in the railroad industry to find cracks in heavy steel parts.

(A part is soaked in thinned oil, then painted with a white coating that dries to a powder. Oil seeping out from cracks turns the white powder brown, allowing the cracks to be detected.) This was the precursor to modern liquid penetrant tests. 1895 – discovers what are now known as X-rays.

In his first paper he discusses the possibility of flaw detection. 1920 – Dr. Lester begins development of industrial radiography for metals. 1924 – Lester uses radiography to examine castings to be installed in a Boston Edison Company steam pressure power plant. 1926 – The first electromagnetic eddy current instrument is available to measure material thicknesses.

1927-1928 – Magnetic induction system to detect flaws in railroad track developed by Dr. Elmer Sperry and H.C. Drake. 1929 – Magnetic particle methods and equipment pioneered (A.V. DeForest and F.B.

Doane.). 1930s – Robert F.

Mehl demonstrates radiographic imaging using gamma radiation from Radium, which can examine thicker components than the low-energy available at the time. 1935–1940 – Liquid penetrant tests developed (Betz, Doane, and DeForest). 1935–1940s – instruments developed (H.C. Farrow, Theo Zuschlag, and Fr. Foerster). 1940–1944 – method developed in USA by Dr., who applies for a U.S. Invention patent for same on May 27, 1940 and is issued the U.S.

Patent as grant no. 2,280,226 on April 21, 1942. Extracts from the first two paragraphs of this seminal patent for a nondestructive testing method succinctly describe the basics of ultrasonic testing.

'My invention pertains to a device for detecting the presence of inhomogeneities of density or elasticity in materials. For instance if a casting has a hole or a crack within it, my device allows the presence of the flaw to be detected and its position located, even though the flaw lies entirely within the casting and no portion of it extends out to the surface.'

Additionally, 'The general principle of my device consists of sending high frequency vibrations into the part to be inspected, and the determination of the time intervals of arrival of the direct and reflected vibrations at one or more stations on the surface of the part.' Medical is an offshoot of this technology. 1946 – First neutron radiographs produced by Peters. 1950 – The (also known as 'Swiss Hammer') is invented. The instrument uses the world’s first patented non-destructive testing method for concrete.

1950 – J. Kaiser introduces acoustic emission as an NDT method.(Basic Source for above: Hellier, 2001) Note the number of advancements made during the WWII era, a time when industrial quality control was growing in importance. 1963 – Frederick G. Weighart's and 's co-invention of is an offshoot of the pairs development of nondestructive test equipment at Automation Industries, Inc., then, in El Segundo, California.

McNulty also at article. 1996 – Rolf Diederichs founded the first Open Access NDT Journal in the Internet. Today the Open Access NDT Database NDT.net. 2008 – Academia NDT International has been officially founded and has its base office in Brescia (Italy) www.academia-ndt.orgMethods and techniques. An example of a 3D replicating technique. The flexible high-resolution replicas allow surfaces to be examined and measured under laboratory conditions. A replica can be taken from all solid materials.NDT is divided into various methods of nondestructive testing, each based on a particular scientific principle.

These methods may be further subdivided into various techniques. The various methods and techniques, due to their particular natures, may lend themselves especially well to certain applications and be of little or no value at all in other applications. Therefore, choosing the right method and technique is an important part of the performance of NDT. testing (AE or AT). (BEA). or liquid penetrant testing (PT or LPI).

(ET) or electromagnetic inspection (commonly known as 'EMI'). (ACFM). (ACPD). testing. (DCPD).

(ECT). testing (MFL) for pipelines, tank floors, and wire rope. (MT or MPI). (RFT).

inspection. (GWT). (IET).

X-Ray, Optical and Terahertz image of a packaged IC. ^ Cartz, Louis (1995).

Nondestructive Testing. A S M International. Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. Asnt.org. Bridges, Andrew. NASA TechBriefs.

Retrieved 1 November 2013. Blitz, Jack; G. Simpson (1991). Ultrasonic Methods of Non-Destructive Testing. Springer-Verlag New York, LLC. Waldmann, T.

'A Mechanical Aging Mechanism in Lithium-Ion Batteries'. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 161 (10): A1742–A1747. Www.ndt-ed.org. Singh S, Goyal A (2007). Tex Heart Inst J.

34 (4): 431–8. U.S. Patent 3,277,302, titled 'X-Ray Apparatus Having Means for Supplying An Alternating Square Wave Voltage to the X-Ray Tube', granted to Weighart on October 4, 1964, showing its patent application date as May 10, 1963 and at lines 1-6 of its column 4, also, noting James F. McNulty’s earlier filed co-pending application for an essential component of invention. U.S.

Patent 3,289,000, titled 'Means for Separately Controlling the Filament Current and Voltage on a X-Ray Tube', granted to McNulty on November 29, 1966 and showing its patent application date as March 5, 1963. Ahi, Kiarash (2018). Measurement. ASTM E1351: 'Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas' (2006). BS ISO 3057 'Non-destructive testing - Metallographic replica techniques of surface examination' (1998). 'Fundamentals of Resonant Acoustic Method NDT' (2005).

(PDF). International Committee for NDT. 2012. John Thompson (November 2006). Global review of qualification and certification of personnel for NDT and condition monitoring. 12th A-PCNDT 2006 – Asia-Pacific Conference on NDT.

Auckland, New Zealand. Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A: Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing, (2006). ANSI/ASNT CP-189: ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel, (2006). ^ EN 4179: 'Aerospace series. Qualification and approval of personnel for non-destructive testing' (2009).

AIA NAS410. ^ ISO 9712: Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (2012). ANSI/ASNT CP-106: 'ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel' (2008). 'ASNT Central Certification Program', ASNT Document ACCP-CP-1, Rev. 7 (2010).

EN 473: Non-destructive testing. Qualification and certification of NDT personnel.

General principles, (2008). Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. P. 1.25. Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation.

P. 1.26. Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment, Annex I, paragraph 3.1.3. EFNDT/SEC/P/05-006: (2005).: The NDT Certifying Agency (CANMET-MTL). The relevant national standard for Canada is CAN/CGSB-48.9712-2006 'Qualification and Certification of Non-Destructive Testing Personnel.' , which complies with the requirements of ISO 9712:2005 and EN 473:2000. Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation.

P. 1.27. R. Marini and P. Ranos: ', ECNDT 2006 - Th.3.6.5. AIA-NAS-410: 'Aerospace Industries Association, National Aerospace Standard, NAS Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel'.

Automation In Non-destructive Testing: New Risks And Risk Sources List

^ ASTM E-1316: 'Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations', in Volume 03.03 NDT, 1997. T. Oldberg and R. Christensen (1999).

Oldberg (2005). NDT.net. Abolfazl Zolfaghari, Amin Zolfaghari, Farhad Kolahan (2018) 'Reliability and sensitivity of magnetic particle nondestructive testing in detecting surface cracks of welded components”, Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 33 (3), 290-300.Bibliography. ASTM International, ASTM Volume 03.03 Nondestructive Testing. ASTM E1316-13a: 'Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations' (2013). ASNT, Nondestructive Testing Handbook. Bray, D.E.

Stanley, 1997, Nondestructive Evaluation: A Tool for Design, Manufacturing and Service; CRC Press, 1996. Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation.

McGraw-Hill. Shull, P.J., Nondestructive Evaluation: Theory, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2002. EN 1330: Non-destructive testing. Parts 5 and 6 replaced by equivalent ISO standards. EN 1330-1: Non-destructive testing. List of general terms (1998).

EN 1330-2: Non-destructive testing. Terms common to the non-destructive testing methods (1998). EN 1330-3: Non-destructive testing. Terms used in industrial radiographic testing (1997). EN 1330-4: Non-destructive testing. Terms used in ultrasonic testing (2010).

EN 1330-7: Non-destructive testing. Terms used in magnetic particle testing (2005).

EN 1330-8: Non-destructive testing. Terms used in leak tightness testing (1998). EN 1330-9: Non-destructive testing. Terms used in acoustic emission testing (2009). EN 1330-10: Non-destructive testing. Terms used in visual testing (2003).

EN 1330-11: Non-destructive testing. Terms used in X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous materials (2007). ISO 12706: Non-destructive testing. Penetrant testing. Vocabulary (2009). ISO 12718: Non-destructive testing. Eddy current testing.

Vocabulary (2008)Wikimedia Commons has media related to.

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